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Quick Overview of NCERT Class 12 Biology Book Chapter-wise

With the help of this overview of the NCERT Class 12 Biology book, you can easily understand the chapter overview in a simple way. 

Chapter 1: Sexual Reproduction in Flowering Plants : This chapter explains how flowering plants reproduce. First, students learn about flowers and their parts. Next, they study pollination and fertilisation. They also learn about seeds and fruits. In addition, they study pre-fertilisation and post-fertilisation events. Finally, they learn about double fertilisation, polyembryony, and apomixis.

Chapter 2: Human Reproduction : This chapter explains the basic process of human reproduction. First, students learn about the male reproductive system. Next, they study the female reproductive system. They also learn about gamete formation and puberty. After that, they study the menstrual cycle, fertilisation, and implantation. Finally, they learn about pregnancy, embryonic development, lactation, and parturition.

Chapter 3: Reproductive Health : This chapter explains reproductive health and its importance. First, students learn about healthy reproductive organs and their normal functions. Next, they study common reproductive health problems. They also learn about birth control and population growth. Finally, the chapter covers medical termination of pregnancy (MTP).

Chapter 4: Principles of Inheritance and Variation : This chapter introduces genetics and inheritance. First, students learn how traits pass from parents to children. Next, they study Mendel’s Laws of Inheritance. They also learn about sex determination and gene inheritance. In addition, the chapter covers mutations and genetic disorders. Thus, students understand why children can share traits with their parents but can also have different traits.

Chapter 5: Molecular Basis of Inheritance : This chapter explains how genetic information is stored and passed on. First, students learn about DNA and RNA. Next, they study nucleic acids and nucleotides. They also learn about the genetic code, DNA replication, transcription, and translation. After that, they study gene expression. The chapter also covers the Human Genome Project and DNA fingerprinting.

Chapter 6: Evolution : This chapter explains how living things have changed over time. First, students learn about the origin of life. Next, they study different theories of evolution. They also learn about evidence for evolution. In addition, they study adaptive radiation and the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. Finally, they learn about human evolution.

Chapter 7: Human Health and Disease : This chapter explains human health and common diseases. First, students learn about different diseases and their causes. Next, they study ways to prevent diseases. They also learn about immunity and how the body protects itself. In addition, the chapter covers cancer, AIDS, drugs, and alcohol addiction. Therefore, students learn why good health and disease prevention matter.

Chapter 8: Microbes in Human Welfare : Microbes are very small living organisms. This chapter explains how microbes can help people. For example, they are useful in homes and industries. They are also used in biogas plants and sewage treatment. In addition, students learn about biofertilisers and other useful products. Thus, this chapter shows how microbes can be helpful in daily life.

Chapter 9: Biotechnology: Principles and Processes : This chapter introduces biotechnology. Biotechnology uses living organisms or their parts to make useful products. First, students learn the basic ideas of biotechnology. Next, they study important tools and processes. They also learn about older and modern methods. As a result, students understand the basic working of biotechnology.

Chapter 10: Biotechnology and its Applications : This chapter explains the uses of biotechnology. First, students learn about its basic applications. Next, they study how biotechnology can help make useful products and medicines. They also learn about genetically modified organisms. These include plants, animals, fungi, and microorganisms. Therefore, students learn how biotechnology is useful in many areas.

Chapter 11: Organisms and Populations : This chapter introduces ecology. Ecology is the study of living things and their surroundings. First, students learn about organisms and their environment. Next, they study populations, communities, and biomes. They also learn how organisms interact with each other. In this way, the chapter builds a basic understanding of ecology.

Chapter 12: Ecosystem : This chapter explains how an ecosystem works. An ecosystem includes living organisms and their physical surroundings. First, students learn about its structure. Next, they study energy flow, food chains, and food webs. They also learn about decomposition and productivity. In addition, the chapter covers ecological succession, ecological pyramids, nutrient cycling, and ecosystem services.

Chapter 13: Biodiversity and Conservation : This chapter explains biodiversity and why it is important. First, students learn about genetic, species, and ecological diversity. Next, they study biodiversity patterns and biodiversity loss. They also learn how biodiversity can be protected.

There are two main methods of conservation. These are in situ and ex situ conservation.

In in situ conservation, species are protected in their natural habitats. Therefore, their natural homes are protected too.

In ex situ conservation, species are protected outside their natural habitats. For example, they may be kept in zoos and botanical gardens. They may also be preserved in cryopreservation centres and tissue culture labs.